TNF and infection: The authors discovered, after the three hours of the infection of HIE with the wild-type (WT) Shigella, that, compared to the avirulent CFS100 control strain, there was a significant increase in host inflammation gene expression such as: nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), IL-8, interferon beta (INF-β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3).