CXCL12 and Alzheimer disease: Current AD biomarkers include identification, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), of pathogenic hallmarks Aβ40, Aβ42, total-tau and p-tau, neurodegeneration markers (neurofilament light (NFL), and inflammation markers like interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), progranulin, SDF-1, soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like (sST2), and vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1).