Proteins observed to be at lower levels in patients with UC compared with CD were those associated with IFN-γ and Th1 cell pathways, with 4 of these 5 (80%) proteins (IFN-γ, CXCL10, CXCL11, IL-18) also higher in patients with CD compared with non-IBD controls—but not statistically different between patients with UC and non-IBD controls (Supplementary Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and inflammatory bowel disease.