MTOR and Insulin resistance: However, in insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory molecules activate serine kinases such as JNK, inhibitor of NFκB kinase subunit β (IKK-β), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase C (PKC), and glycogen synthase kinase 3β.