PDCD1 and bladder transitional cell carcinoma: In recent years, the advent of ICI grounded on this premise has heralded a significant breakthrough in BLCA treatment, eliciting the anticancer potential of T cells by obstructing the interaction between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) with their cognate ligands12.