TNF and metabolic disease: Numerous inflammatory cytokines including IL-17A, IL-6, IL-4, TNF-a, IL-15, IL-1, IL-32, and IL-33 have been implicated in modulating the levels of lipolysis (Fuster et al., 2011), lipogenesis (Tsao et al., 2014; Zúñiga et al., 2010), FAO (Carey et al., 2006; Stienstra et al., 2010), cholesterol accumulation (Isoda et al., 2005; Xu et al., 2017), and triglyceride storage (Kralisch et al., 2005) to either promote or inhibit the development of several metabolic diseases.