Studies have shown that TRAIL-dependent apoptosis can inhibit the replication of hantavirus (17) and that increased levels of IL-6 and IL-15 are associated with the risk of severe disease in HFRS (18, 19), suggesting that targeting IL-6, IL-15, and TRAIL may be important and novel therapeutic targets for HFRS (19). This evidence concerns the gene IL15 and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.