Interestingly, islets from ob/ob, db/db and Ins2Akita diabetic mice treated with a TGFβ pathway inhibitor Alk5 inhibitor II, demonstrated increased mRNA levels of Ucn3, MafA, Nkx6.1 and Pdx1. β-cell dedifferentiation has been reported in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D (40, 41). Here, MAFA is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.