Additionally, the eradication of these TAMs enhances T cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, according to findings from Uehara et al., metformin treatment stimulates a conversion in TAMs from M2 to M1 phenotype, as indicated by elevated IL-12 and TNF-α levels, MHC class II upregulation, and CD206 downregulation, indicating a potential transition of TAMs from tumor-enhancing to tumor-restraining roles following metformin administration (Uehara et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene MRC1 and neoplasm.