TNF and chronic kidney disease: For example, to robustly investigate the relationship between inflammation and CKD progression, Amdur et al. measured the multivariable association of plasma levels of IL-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum albumin with the progression of CKD in 3430 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study participants [10].