TGFB1 and cancer: The interaction between direct platelet-tumor cells and platelet-derived TGFβ can synergistically activate the NF-κB and TGFβ/Smad pathways in cancer cells, induce the transformation of epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells, and enhance metastasis in vivo (Labelle, Begum & Hynes, 2011; Tesfamariam, 2016).