GDF15 and diabetes mellitus: Evidence indicates that levels of circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) can be used as predictors of CVD in diabetes [13, 27].