Additionally, in pancreatic cancer cell lines, including ASPC-1, BXPC-3, CFPAC-1, MIA Paca-2, and PANC-1, the mRNA and protein expression levels of GGCT are elevated compared to those in normal pancreatic cell lines such as hTERT-HPNE (Fig. 1F, H). Here, GGCT is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.