Additionally, experimental studies have observed that the induction of localized masticatory atrophy by BoNT-A injection alters the muscle’s histological composition, resulting in increased mRNA levels of molecular markers associated with atrophy (e.g. Atrogin-1/Mafbx and MuRF-1), neurogenic atrophy, and a reduction in muscle’s fibers diameter and muscle mass14–17. Here, FBXO32 is linked to Atrophy.