Conversely, non-responder and relapsed tumors exhibited increased percentages of Vim+, CD80+, and CD155+ cancer cells (Fig. 7a, b, d–f, h–j, l–n and Supplementary Fig. 8b–d, g–i, l–n), indicating that cancer cell features might affect the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in cSCC, HNSCC, and melanoma patients. Here, VIM is linked to cancer.