Conversely, EpCAMlow cancer cells from MD/PD-SCCs did not show significant changes in the expression of Krt14, Grhl2, dNp63, Ovol1 and Ovol2 epithelial genes compared with full epithelial cancer cells, but exhibited diminished expression of Cdh1, Grhl1 and Epcam, and upregulated the expression of Vim and several EMT transcription factors (TFs) to similar levels to those in mesenchymal EpCAM− cancer cells (Fig. 1d, e). This evidence concerns the gene CDH1 and cancer.