Similar to our models for preterm birth <34 weeks, the inclusion of maternal characteristics (red line) in predictive models generated from the samples collected before 24 weeks of gestation improved the prediction accuracy for sPTB, all sPTL cases, and all PPROM cases (p<0.05 for all) (Figure 7—figure supplement 1A, B and D), but not early sPTL or early PPROM (Figure 7—figure supplement 1C and E). The gene discussed is SPTB; the disease is preterm premature rupture of the membranes.