BECN1 and rheumatoid arthritis: Significantly, the levels of LC3B-II, the lipidated isoform of LC3B and a crucial marker of autophagosomes [42], as well as Beclin-1, an important regulator of autophagy initiation [43], were both decreased in RA-SFs treated with BPNSs (5 μg/mL, 24 h) (Fig. 4A-C).