VEGFA and neoplasm: Catecholamine and prostaglandin receptors are expressed in a large number of human cancers (47), and activation of these receptors promotes tumour metastasis through a variety of molecular mechanisms: pro-tumour cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, ECM invasion, apoptosis and shedding of apoptosis resistance, as well as secretion of proangiogenic cytokines such as VEGF.