Catecholamines can induce metastatic effects in tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment by stimulating β-adrenoceptors (βARs), which can lead to cancer recurrence, for instance, in mammary tumours, activation of β-adrenoceptors was linked to accelerated tumor growth (38), PGE2 is also a key mediator in the induction of tumour metastasis (39, 40). This evidence concerns the gene CTBP1 and cancer.