IRF4 and Miyoshi myopathy: We found that both TLR4 and TLR9 activation induced the expression of well-established pro-survival genes and oncogenes in MM such as MYC, IRF4, NFKB, and BCL2. We also demonstrate that TLR4 and TLR9 signaling protects against both reversible and irreversible PIs and that the TLR-induced expression of pro-survival genes was maintained in the presence of the PIs.