TNF and Stroke: Investigations into cytokine levels in stroke models with exercise intervention consistently report reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (Masson et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2021; Xia et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2022).