HADH and colonic neoplasm: In the future, it is important to perform the following studies: 1) further clinical studies in large sample sizes to prove the value of ALDH2 and HCDH in clinical applications; 2) further functional studies in cell or animal models to understand the mechanism of ALDH2 and HCDH involved in colon cancer; 3) deep investigations of the functional effects of altered BCAA pathway activity in colon cancer cells or animal models to study the impact of BCAA pathway on the occurrence and development of colon cancer.