TNF and viral myocarditis: IRE1α has been reported to be significantly involved in inflammation and immunity via their RNase and kinase domains (62), leading to the regulation of gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and MCP1 (chemoattractant protein 1), associated with the activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) pathway in different inflammatory disorders, for example in skin inflammation (63), during viral myocarditis (64), and in renal tubule cells under metabolic stress (65).