ATG12 and prostate cancer: For instance, as has been demonstrated in prostate cancer cell lines, knockout of ATG7 leads to a severe depletion of ATG5 and ATG12 protein levels (which is at least in part due to ATG7 being required for ATG5-ATG12 conjugation) and partial depletion of ATG16L1 protein expression, whilst knockout of ATG5 leads to a severe depletion of ATG12 and ATG16L1 proteins (Wible et al., 2019).