Further research has indicated an association between TP53 loss-of-function mutations and increased levels of LC3B, ULK1 and BECLIN1 in castration-resistant prostate tumour specimens, and androgen-independent tumour organoids were found to be highly vulnerable to the autophagy inhibitors CQ or ULK101 (an ULK inhibitor) in combination with the anti-androgen enzalutamide (Zhang et al., 2022b). This evidence concerns the gene BECN1 and prostate neoplasm.