CCL5 and brain edema: Cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, along with enzymes like matrix metallopeptidase (MMP2) and chemotactic proteins such as IP2 and RANTES (also known as CCL5), have the potential to induce endothelial injury and dysfunction, leading to heightened vascular permeability and fluid leakage, contributing to cerebral edema [35].