The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the genes that were upregulated in the sepsis sEV group in several cell types (lung macrophages, lung neutrophils, liver neutrophils, and hepatocytes) compared with that of the healthy control sEV group is shown in Fig. 6A. Sepsis sEVs may promote ROS production in macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages and neutrophils, and PPAR signaling in hepatocytes. Here, PPARA is linked to Sepsis.