TGFB1 and neoplasm: Cytokines produced by M2-type macrophages, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and anti-inflammatory cytokine α (IL-1Ra), can inhibit immune cell activation and immune-mediated killing of tumor cells, while promoting angiogenesis and tumor growth (Cheng et al. 2022).