TGFB1 and cancer: Existing literature has demonstrated that miR-138-5p can impede cancer progression by utilizing a variety of mechanisms to suppress cancer cells.8,9 In addition, miR-138-5p is capable of inhibiting ZEB2 expression, reversing the fibrotic phenotype of pulmonary epithelial cells.10 miR-138-5p in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived EVs can target SIRT1, suppressing the proliferation and migration of human dermal fibroblasts and downregulating the levels of NF-κB, α-SMA, and TGF-β1.11 Nevertheless, there has been no previous investigation into the function of miR-138-5p in CAFs.