SERPINA3 and atherosclerosis: For instance, while Wagsater’s study on transgenic Serpina3-overexpressing mice failed to demonstrate aggravated atherosclerosis when bred with ApoE−/− mice [64], there is evidence suggesting that SERPINA3 contributes to cardiovascular disease progression by stimulating inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and ICAM-1 in ECs and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro [59].