While TGF-β, total SMAD2/3, and phosphorylated SMAD2/3 were not different between groups, the ratio of pSMAD2/3 to total SMAD2/3 was significantly decreased in HF-PEGPH20 mice relative to HF-Vehicle mice, suggesting a decreased SMAD2/3 activation (Figure 4A, D-G). Here, SMAD2 is linked to hydrops fetalis.