This trend was further supported by TCGA pan-cancer data (STAD), revealing a significant upregulation in SERPINH1 gene expression in tumors compared to normal tissues (P = 1.4e − 13) (Fig. 2A), even in early-stage cancer (stage I; P = 2.2e − 10) (Fig. 2B). Here, SERPINH1 is linked to cancer.