During periodontitis repair and remodeling, M2 macrophages dominate and the expression of M2-associated factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), arginase (Arg)-1 and IL-10, increases, preventing bone loss and promoting tissue repair and remodeling of the extracellular matrix [38, 39]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to periodontitis.