TGFB1 and periodontitis: Activated macrophages play a role in the release of inflammatory mediators, bacterial clearance, and the destruction and repair of periodontal tissue in periodontal tissues which release a range of effector molecules at different stages of periodontitis, including growth factors, various enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines (like prostaglandin E2, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, etc.), anti-inflammatory cytokines (like IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β), chemokines (like CCL2, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor).