CTSD and Alzheimer disease: By comparing our results with published snRNAseq studies35,47, we identified dysregulation of lipid metabolism (APOE, APOC1 and SPP1) as a common feature in microglia, genes associated with DAMs shared between ALS and MS (CTSD, GPNMB, CPM and LPL) and ALS and AD (for example, TREM2), as inferred by bulk RNA sequencing studies7 (Fig. 5i).