GFAP and retinal ischemia: Likewise, selective inactivation of astrocytic NF-κB by expressing a dominant negative form of IκBα under the control of the GFAP promoter inhibited inflammation and improved functional recovery in mouse models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis28, spinal cord injury75,76, pain77,78, ischemic injury79, sciatic nerve injury80, retinal ischemia–reperfusion injury81, and experimental optic neuritis82.