ALB and heart failure: Serum albumin levels decrease due to liver damage during the acute phase of inflammation, increased renal excretory proteins, malnutrition, increased catabolism, loss of intestines, severe volume overload, and movement of albumin to the interstitial space, resulting in hypoproteinemia.[22] Hypoproteinemia is defined as a serum albumin level <35 g/L.[9] Patients with severe myocardial infarction or injury, heart failure, stroke, hip fracture, malignant tumors, or kidney disease have decreased serum albumin levels.[23–25] Hypoproteinemia has also been reported in patients with SCI.[26]