The mechanism of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling axis and its related inflammatory factors NF-κB, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in the context of the pathogenesis of fluorosis has been poorly studied, and differences in the expression of the above proteins have been reported only in serum samples from individuals in areas with fluorosis [29]. Here, CXCL12 is linked to dental fluorosis.