TNF and Alzheimer disease: Luteolin has exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-31, and IL-33 in several in vitro models of AD [42], PD [43, 44], MS [45], and in vivo models of AD [27, 46].