HOXA9 and neoplasm: In vitro studies have shown that HOXA9 functions as a tumor suppressor in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) [19, 20], cervical cancer (CC) [21], breast cancer (BC) [22, 23], non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [24–27], epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) [28], high-grade noninvasive bladder cancer (HGNOC) [29], uveal melanoma [30] and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) [31].