APP and Alzheimer disease: Importantly, IIS are found in numerous mouse models of AD (J20 [Brown et al., 2018]; Ts65Dn Presenilin2-/- [Lisgaras and Scharfman, 2023]; amyloid precursor protein/Presenilin1 [Shoob et al., 2023]), as well as patients (Sanchez et al., 2012; Vossel et al., 2016; Beagle et al., 2017; Vossel et al., 2017; Vossel and Karageorgiou, 2021; Vossel, 2023).