For example, the bacterial product valeric acid was reported to increase the concentrations of Il-17, Il-1β, and Il-6 in the blood and brain of mice with experimental stroke.68 However, treatment with valeric acid was also shown to reduce theconcentrations of Tnf-α and Il-6 in the blood of mice after irradiation.69 In addition, activation of the valeric acid receptor Gpr43 inhibited neuroinflammation and improved cognitive function in APP-transgenic mice.21 Here, TNF is linked to Stroke.