INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Exposing the human beta cell line EndoC-betaH1 to double-stranded RNA to simulate viral infection, a possible trigger for T1D initiation (58), causes reductions in genes like MAFA and INS and increases in progenitor markers like SOX9, HES1, and MYC driven by NF-kB within the beta cell, as well as by interferon alpha released by neighboring cells (59, 60).