Phospholipase D signaling pathway (36), phosphatidylinositol signaling system (37), and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling (38), endocytosis (39), MAPK signaling pathway (40), cAMP signaling pathway (41), calcium signaling pathway (42), and AMPK signaling pathway (43) are involved in one or more mechanisms that cause diabetes-related complications, including inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and insulin resistance. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetes mellitus.