Incorporating 474 males who had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration ranging from 2.0 to 10 ng/mL, a negative digital rectal examination, and an enlarged prostate (volume of at least 35 mL), a retrospective study revealed that combining thrombospondin 1, cathepsin D with %fPSA in a model could enhance the diagnosis of PCa and potentially decrease the need for unnecessary prostate biopsies. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and posterior cortical atrophy.