These dual interactions allow cancers to quickly respond to changes in nutrient availability to maximize cell proliferation and survival and are primarily mediated by monocarboxylate transporters (MCT): MCT4 promotes the release of lactate from CAFs and is upregulated by HIF-1α and NF-κB; MCT1 is predominantly involved in the uptake of this catabolite by cancer cells and is induced by MYC and TIGAR 149,150. Here, TIGAR is linked to cancer.