TGFB1 and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Wang et al. investigated Guizhi Fuling capsules in BPH rat models, and indicated a significant reduction in prostate weight and prostate index, potentially through the modulation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in serum and prostate tissues, a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and an elevation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels, culminating in inhibited cellular proliferation and angiogenesis (Wang et al., 2021).