NME1 and van der Woude syndrome: To date, mutations to three pivotal genes have been associated with VWS etiology: interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), Grainyhead-like transcription factor (GRHL3), and a scarcely observed pathogenic missense mutation in NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (NME1) (Malik et al., 2014; Peyrard-Janvid et al., 2014; Parada-Sanchez et al., 2017).