KLK3 and prostate carcinoma: As the disease progresses, patients often develop lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including straining to urinate, dribbling, frequency, urgency, difficulty urinating, increased nocturia, hematuria, etc. The most common methods used to diagnose prostate cancer in clinical settings include serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) assessment, rectal finger examination (RFE) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) examination, pelvic MRI, CT scanning, and isotope bone scanning.