In comparison to vein ECs from normal ureter tissues, vein ECs in UTUC exhibited decreased expression levels of various immunomodulatory genes implicated in antigen presentation (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DRB5, HLA-DMA, HLA-DRA, HLA-DQA1) (55), immune cell recruitment (LIFR, CCL2, CXCL2, ACKR1) (56, 57) and anti-tumor inflammation (CCL14, IFNG) (58, 59) (Figure 5F). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and renal pelvis/ureter urothelial carcinoma.