Some of the downregulated genes played a key role in MDS and other non-hematological tumors, such as PRSS21, which encodes for a tumor suppressor frequently hypermethylated in cancer26, MAP3K7CL, whose downregulation serves as a biomarker in other types of cancer27, and CCL5, whose downregulation is associated with high-risk MDS28. Here, CCL5 is linked to myelodysplastic syndrome.