DYRK1A and autism: Moreover, the feedback loop linking DYRK1A inhibition to modulation of the main mitochondrial protein biogenesis pathways may also help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical manifestations of DYRK1A syndrome: Patients with dysfunctional DYRK1A present with symptoms such as motor deficits, microcephaly, speech delay, intellectual disability and autism, which, especially in their combinations, resemble typical mitochondrial disease phenotypes22,64–69.