In Ast.0, VEGFA was significantly downregulated in AD participants in Yang et al.22 HC region, Zhang et al.23 and all cohorts combined, with a trend of downregulation in our study, Grubman et al.15, Yang et al.22 SFX region, Mathys et al20 EC region (Fig. 3f, Supplementary Data 33). Here, VEGFA is linked to Alzheimer disease.